The Eastern Ghats is a vast mountain range situated in the eastern part of India, stretching over a distance of approximately 1,750 kilometers. This ancient mountain range runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal, covering parts of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, and Tamil Nadu. Often overshadowed by its more famous counterpart, the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats remain a hidden gem of natural and cultural wonders. The range is home to numerous wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, waterfalls, and breathtaking landscapes. It is also rich in tribal culture, with several tribes still residing in the region and preserving their ancient customs and traditions. For adventurers and nature enthusiasts alike, the Eastern Ghats offers an unparalleled opportunity to explore a unique and untouched part of India.
Geology
The Eastern Ghats is a discontinuous range of mountains and hills that run along the eastern coast of India, stretching over a distance of around 1,750 km from Odisha in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south. The geology of the Eastern Ghats is highly diverse and complex, consisting of a variety of rocks ranging from ancient crystalline rocks to sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
The Eastern Ghats are primarily composed of ancient crystalline rocks, which are highly metamorphosed and deformed. These rocks were formed around 3000 to 4000 million years ago during the Archean and Proterozoic eras. The region is dominated by granites, gneisses, and schists, which are highly metamorphosed and deformed. These rocks were formed due to the high temperature and pressure conditions during the Precambrian period. The sedimentary rocks of the Eastern Ghats include sandstones, shales, and limestones, which were formed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. These rocks are found in the valleys and lowlands of the mountain range.
The Eastern Ghats also have extensive volcanic activity, which has led to the formation of various volcanic rocks such as basalt, andesite, and rhyolite. These volcanic rocks were formed during the Mesozoic era and are found in various parts of the Eastern Ghats. The Eastern Ghats are also known for their rich mineral resources, including iron, manganese, bauxite, and gold. Overall, the geology of the Eastern Ghats is highly complex and diverse, making it an important region for geological research and exploration.
Topography of the region, including its different ranges, peaks, and valleys
The Eastern Ghats is a vast mountain range that stretches along the eastern coast of India, covering parts of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, and Tamil Nadu. The topography of the region is characterised by a series of parallel ranges, which are separated by valleys and plateaus.
The major ranges of the Eastern Ghats include the Mahendra Giri Range, the Simlipal Range, the Nallamala Range, and the Shevaroy Hills. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Mahendragiri, which stands at an elevation of 1,501 metres (4,925 feet) and is located in the MahendraGiri Range. Other notable peaks include Jindhagada Peak, Sisirakala Peak, and Bhubaneswari Hill.
The valleys of the Eastern Ghats are known for their rich biodiversity and are home to several endemic species of flora and fauna. Some of the major valleys in the region include the Araku Valley, the Papi Hills, and the Godavari Valley. The plateaus of the Eastern Ghats are also significant, with the Koraput Plateau in Odisha and the Deccan Plateau in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana being notable examples.
Overall, the topography of the Eastern Ghats is diverse and varied, with rugged peaks, deep valleys, and rolling plateaus.
Rivers and waterfalls
The Eastern Ghats is home to several rivers and waterfalls that are known for their scenic beauty and ecological significance. Here are some of the major rivers and waterfalls in the region:
Mahanadi River – The Mahanadi River is one of the largest rivers in India and flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The river originates in the Eastern Ghats and flows into the Bay of Bengal, covering a total distance of around 851 kilometres.
Godavari River – The Godavari River is another major river that flows through the Eastern Ghats, originating in the Western Ghats and flowing eastwards into the Bay of Bengal. The river is around 1,465 kilometres long and is considered to be one of the sacred rivers in India.
Rushikulya River – The Rushikulya River is a small river that flows through the Eastern Ghats in Odisha. The river originates in the hills near Rushikulya and flows into the Bay of Bengal, covering a distance of around 165 kilometers.
Kalinga Falls – The Kalinga Falls is a beautiful waterfall located in the Eastern Ghats of Odisha. The waterfall is formed by the Kolab River and is around 20 meters high.
Katiki Waterfalls – The Katiki Waterfalls is a picturesque waterfall located in the Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh. The waterfall is formed by the Gosthani River and is around 50 feet high.
Talakona Waterfalls – The Talakona Waterfalls is a popular waterfall located in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The waterfall is formed by the Talakona River and is around 270 feet high, making it one of the highest waterfalls in the Eastern Ghats.
These rivers and waterfalls not only provide a beautiful landscape for visitors but also play a crucial role in the region’s ecosystem and economy, serving as a source of water for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and other activities.
Biodiversity of the Eastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats is a region of great biological diversity and is home to a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic to the region. Here are some of the major flora and fauna found in the Eastern Ghats:
Tree Species
Teak – Teak is a large deciduous tree that is found in the Eastern Ghats. The wood of the tree is highly valued for its durability and is used in construction, furniture, and boat-making.
Sal – Sal is another large deciduous tree that is found in the Eastern Ghats. The wood of the tree is used for furniture, building material, and paper production.
Bamboo – Bamboo is a fast-growing grass that is found in abundance in the Eastern Ghats. It is used for a wide range of purposes, including construction, paper production, and food.
Orchids – The Eastern Ghats is home to several species of orchids, many of which are rare and endangered. These beautiful flowers are highly prized for their aesthetic value and are often used in floral arrangements.
Animals
Asian Elephant – The Eastern Ghats is one of the few regions in India where wild elephants still roam freely. The Asian Elephant is an endangered species, and the Eastern Ghats is home to several elephant reserves and wildlife sanctuaries that are dedicated to their conservation.
Royal Bengal Tiger – The Royal Bengal Tiger is another endangered species that is found in the Eastern Ghats. The region is home to several tiger reserves and national parks, including the Simlipal National Park in Odisha.
Indian Bison – The Indian Bison, also known as the Gaur, is a large, wild bovine that is found in the forests of the Eastern Ghats. The animal is prized for its meat and is also an important cultural symbol in many indigenous communities.
Spotted Deer – The Spotted Deer, also known as the Chital, is a common deer species found in the forests of the Eastern Ghats. The animal is hunted for its meat and is also a popular attraction for wildlife enthusiasts.
Other animals include
Indian Leopard
Sloth Bear
Sambar Deer
Barking Deer
Dhole (Indian Wild Dog)
Striped Hyena
Indian Grey Mongoose
Indian Pangolin
Black-naped Hare
Indian Giant Flying Squirrel
Indian Palm Civet
Indian Porcupine
Birds found in the Eastern Ghats
Indian Pitta
Malabar Trogon
Indian Scimitar Babbler
Rufous-bellied Eagle
Painted Stork
Indian Peafowl
Grey Junglefowl
Brown Fish Owl
Oriental White-eye
Hill Myna
The region’s rich biodiversity is a testament to its ecological importance and underscores the need for its conservation and sustainable development.
National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries in the region
The Eastern Ghats is home to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that are dedicated to the conservation of the region’s unique flora and fauna. Here are some of the major national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in the Eastern Ghats:
Simlipal National Park – Located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, Simlipal National Park is one of the largest national parks in India. The park is home to a wide range of flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian Bison, and several species of deer.
Bhitarkanika National Park – Bhitarkanika National Park is a mangrove forest located in the Kendrapara district of Odisha. The park is home to several species of reptiles, including the Saltwater Crocodile, and is also an important nesting ground for Olive Ridley Turtles.
Papikonda National Park – Located in the Andhra Pradesh-Telangana border region, Papikonda National Park is a tropical forest that is home to several endangered species, including the Royal Bengal Tiger and Indian Elephant.
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary – Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and is home to several species of deer, as well as the Indian Pangolin and the Indian Giant Squirrel.
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve – The Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve located in the Nallamala Hills of Andhra Pradesh. The reserve is home to several endangered species, including the Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard, and Indian Wild Dog.
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary – Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh and is home to several species of deer, as well as the Indian Pangolin and the Indian Giant Squirrel.
These national parks and wildlife sanctuaries not only provide a safe haven for endangered species but also serve as major tourist attractions, drawing visitors from all over the world to witness the region’s rich biodiversity.
Cultural and Historical significance of the Eastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats region of India has a rich cultural and historical significance, with several indigenous communities living in the region for thousands of years. Here are some of the major cultural and historical highlights of the Eastern Ghats:
Tribal Communities – The Eastern Ghats is home to several indigenous communities, including the Dongria Kondh, the Konda Reddis, and the Gadabas. These communities have a unique culture and way of life that has been shaped by their interaction with the region’s natural environment.
Ancient Trade Routes – The Eastern Ghats served as an important trade route between the East and West for centuries, with spices, textiles, and other goods passing through the region. The historic port city of Visakhapatnam on the coast of Andhra Pradesh was a major center of trade and commerce during the ancient and medieval periods.
Historical Forts and Temples – The Eastern Ghats is home to several ancient forts and temples that date back to the medieval and ancient periods. Examples include the Chandragiri Fort in Andhra Pradesh, which was built in the 11th century, and the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha, which was built in the 13th century.
Folk Traditions – The Eastern Ghats region has a rich tradition of folk music, dance, and art. These traditions have been passed down through generations and continue to thrive today. Examples include the Kondapalli toys of Andhra Pradesh, which are made by skilled artisans using local wood, and the Pattachitra paintings of Odisha, which depict scenes from Hindu mythology.
Environmental Conservation Movements – The Eastern Ghats has also been the site of several environmental conservation movements in recent years. The Dongria Kondh community in Odisha successfully fought against a proposed bauxite mining project in the Niyamgiri Hills, which would have threatened their way of life and the region’s biodiversity.
The region’s rich heritage and diverse natural environment make it an important site for conservation and sustainable development.
Various Indigenous Communities that Inhabit the Eastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats region of India is home to several indigenous communities that have been living in the region for thousands of years. Here are some of the major indigenous communities that inhabit the Eastern Ghats:
Dongria Kondh – The Dongria Kondh are an indigenous community that lives in the Niyamgiri Hills of Odisha. They have a unique culture and way of life that revolves around their close relationship with the natural environment. The Dongria Kondh successfully fought against a proposed bauxite mining project in the Niyamgiri Hills, which would have threatened their way of life and the region’s biodiversity.
Konda Reddis – The Konda Reddis are an indigenous community that lives in the hills of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. They have a rich tradition of music, dance, and art, and have a unique relationship with the natural environment. The Kondareddis are known for their cultivation of millets and other crops that are well-adapted to the region’s climate.
Gadabas – The Gadabas are an indigenous community that lives in the Eastern Ghats region of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. They have a unique culture and way of life that revolves around their relationship with the natural environment. The Gadabas are known for their traditional dance forms, including the Dhemsa dance, which is performed during festivals and other special occasions.
Konda Kapus – The Konda Kapus are an indigenous community that lives in the hills of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They have a rich tradition of music, dance, and art, and are known for their traditional medicine practices. The Konda Kapus are also skilled farmers, cultivating a variety of crops, including millets, pulses, and oilseeds.
Kutia Kondh – The Kutia Kondh are an indigenous community that lives in the hills of Odisha. They have a unique culture and way of life that revolves around their close relationship with the natural environment. The Kutia Kondh are known for their traditional dance forms, including the Karma dance, which is performed during agricultural festivals.
These communities have a rich cultural heritage and a unique way of life that has been shaped by their interaction with the region’s natural environment.
Tourist attractions and activities in the Eastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats region of India offers a range of tourist attractions and activities that showcase the natural beauty and cultural heritage of the region. Here are some of the top tourist attractions and activities in the Eastern Ghats:
Araku Valley – Located in the hills of Andhra Pradesh, Araku Valley is a popular tourist destination known for its scenic beauty, waterfalls, and coffee plantations. Tourists can take a train ride from Visakhapatnam to Araku, which passes through tunnels, bridges, and scenic valleys.
Simlipal National Park – Located in the hills of Odisha, Simlipal National Park is a biodiversity hotspot that is home to several endangered species, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian Elephant, and Gaur. Tourists can take a jungle safari to explore the park’s dense forests, waterfalls, and grasslands.
Lambasingi – Known as the “Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh,” Lambasingi is a small village located in the hills of Andhra Pradesh that experiences snowfall during the winter months. Tourists can enjoy the cold climate, scenic beauty, and local cuisine of the region.
Rushikonda Beach – Located near Visakhapatnam, Rushikonda Beach is a popular destination for water sports, including surfing, jet skiing, and parasailing. Tourists can also enjoy the scenic beauty of the beach and the nearby hills.
Tribal Villages – The Eastern Ghats region is home to several indigenous communities that have a unique culture and way of life. Tourists can visit tribal villages to experience the local cuisine, music, dance, and art of these communities.
Trekking and Hiking – The Eastern Ghats offer several opportunities for trekking and hiking, with several scenic trails and peaks to explore. Some of the popular trekking destinations include the Araku Valley, Lambasingi, and the hills of Odisha.
The region offers a range of experiences that cater to the interests of both nature lovers and culture enthusiasts.
Threat & Conversation in Eastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats face several threats to their biodiversity and ecological balance, including deforestation, mining, poaching, and climate change. These threats have led to the loss of habitats, extinction of species, and disruption of ecosystem services. The region also faces challenges related to socio-economic development, including displacement of indigenous communities and conflicts over resource use.
To address these challenges, several conservation initiatives have been undertaken in the Eastern Ghats. Some of the key initiatives include:
Protected Areas – Several national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves have been established in the Eastern Ghats to protect the region’s biodiversity and ecological processes. These protected areas provide habitats for endangered species and also support research and conservation efforts.
Community-based conservation – Several initiatives have focused on involving local communities in conservation efforts, including through the establishment of community-based natural resource management systems and eco-tourism initiatives. These initiatives aim to promote sustainable livelihoods while also conserving natural resources.
Reforestation and habitat restoration – Several organizations and government agencies have undertaken reforestation and habitat restoration initiatives in the Eastern Ghats, including planting native tree species, restoring degraded ecosystems, and implementing agroforestry practices.
Awareness and education – Several awareness and education initiatives have been undertaken to promote the conservation of the Eastern Ghats among local communities, tourists, and other stakeholders. These initiatives aim to raise awareness about the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services and promote sustainable development practices.
While these initiatives have had some success in conserving the biodiversity and ecological processes of the Eastern Ghats, there is still much work to be done to address the threats and challenges facing the region. Efforts to promote sustainable development and conservation practices must continue and be strengthened to ensure the long-term conservation of this important region.
Conclusion
The Eastern Ghats are a magnificent range of hills and mountains that run parallel to the east coast of India, covering a vast area spanning several states. This region is rich in biodiversity and cultural heritage and is home to several indigenous communities that have a unique way of life. However, the Eastern Ghats face several threats, including deforestation, mining, poaching, and climate change, which have led to the loss of habitats, extinction of species, and disruption of ecosystem services.
Despite these challenges, several conservation initiatives have been undertaken to protect the biodiversity and cultural heritage of the Eastern Ghats. These include the establishment of protected areas, community-based conservation, reforestation and habitat restoration, and awareness and education initiatives. These efforts have had some success in conserving the region’s natural resources and promoting sustainable development practices.
In conclusion, the Eastern Ghats are a unique and precious region that deserves attention and protection. It is essential to continue and strengthen conservation efforts to protect the region’s biodiversity, cultural heritage, and ecosystem services. Through sustainable development practices and collaborative efforts involving local communities, government agencies, and conservation organizations, we can ensure the long-term conservation of this beautiful and important region.
